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Daňové úniky a možnosti jejich měření
Chaloupková, Tereza
Chaloupková, T. Tax evasion and how to measure it. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University, 2023. The thesis deals with methods of measuring tax evasion estimates. The aim of the thesis is to determine the parameters of tax evasion and to compare the results with those of other authors. Furthermore, the conclusions are also formulated in terms of evaluation of methods and the suitability of these methods. The paper characterizes the concepts of tax evasion and shadow economy. Furthermore, the paper describes the direct and indirect methods and their evaluation. The next section focuses on the selection and application of two methods, which were selected by means of classification according to objective criteria. The estimation result of the monetary method had a decreasing trend over the period 1999 to 2022. In the MIMIC method, variables such as Unemployment, Tax burden, GDP per capita, Freedom, Corruption, GDP growth, M1 and Participation rate were used. The estimation using MIMIC method had a slight increasing trend which ranged from 17.8% of GDP to 20.57% of GDP for the period 2003 to 2021.
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Impact of retirement age on the shadow economies of Central European countries: the case of Austria and Germany
Chabak, Mariia
The bachelor thesis is focused on investigation the underlying causes of the shadow economy in Austria and Germany, with a particular emphasis on the retirement age. The research data was obtained from the World Bank Data Bank and OECD estimates related to retirement age. To conduct the research methodology and analyze the data, the MIMIC model and Stata 17 SE software were employed. The thesis results provide insights into the factors that influence the shadow economy, particularly in relation to the retirement age. Additionally, the thesis proposes methods to mitigate the adverse effects of the shadow economy growth from the retirement age perspective.
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Hustling Phenomenon in Czechoslovakia
Královičová, Jana ; Vaněk, Miroslav (advisor) ; Krátká, Lenka (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with hustling which was a phenomenon of Czechoslovakia in late socialism and it is neglected in Czech and Slovak historiography. The aim of this thesis is to bring a new knowledge, but mainly a new perspective on the environment of the shadow economy and people who were part of it. The research is focused on methods and practices of how this people ran their "secondary business", and I also try to find their place in Czechoslovak society. The main basis for this research, are interviews which were recorded by using a method of oral history. Beside this, the study is supported also by knowledge and information of literature, archive materials, and daily newspaper. The study presents new perspectives on the practice of hustlers, their motivation to start with this illegal activity, as well as various views on the term "vekslák", and how these people perceive this word and his sense in relation to their person. There is also a contribution to the ethics of this research which is specifically related to topic by its very nature.
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Informal Economy: A micro-level analysis
Vu Duc, Cuong ; Levely, Ian Vandemark (advisor) ; Cingl, Lubomír (referee)
This paper analyzes association of informal economy with demographic charac- teristics. The first part introduces the definition and composition of the informal economy and sets the theoretical background. It presents its consequences and causes from different points of view. In the second part, we isolate characteris- tics that predict the propensity to work in the informal economy using the probit model. The work finds that the direction of individual effects matches with find- ings in Latin America reported by Perry et al. (2007). Keywords Informal economy, Shadow economy, South Africa, econometrics
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Natural Resource Curse and Shadow Economy: Emprical Evidence
Chen, Anna ; Horváth, Roman (advisor) ; Janda, Karel (referee)
The study aims to investigate the impact of natural resource wealth on the shadow economy. The theoretical section provides the basis of understanding the nature of two phenomena and discusses the possible transmission channels through which natural resources might influence the shadow economy. Consequently, the key determinants of the shadow economy are examined by static and dynamic models. Natural resource abundance is proxied by natural resource rents. We employ a panel data set for 109 countries for the period from 1996 to 2006. The results reveal that resource wealth is associated with the decrease of the shadow economy. This result is robust for different resource types (durable and non-durable), and the effect is more profound for countries with a low income level. JEL Classification C33, E26, O13 Keywords natural resources, shadow economy, dynamic panel data models, system GMM estimator Title Natural Resource Curse and Shadow Economy: Empirical Evidence
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The Effects of Electronic Records of Sales: A Synthetic Control Method Analysis
Besedová, Monika ; Havránek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Baxa, Jaromír (referee)
The objective of this thesis is to analyze the impact of the electronic records of sales (ERS) implemented on December 1, 2016, in the Czech Republic. The ERS orders given entrepreneurs to use special cash boxes and to send data about single sales to the Financial Authority immediately after each transaction. Experience shows that the ERS reduced tax evasion and the shadow economy. This thesis fills a gap in literature as no study has yet examined the impact of ERS on macroeconomic variables - gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, unemployment rate and harmonized consumer price index (HCPI). To analyze it, I apply SCM by Abadie and Gardeazabal (2003), Abadie et al. (2010) and Abadie et al. (2015) that proposes the way how to evaluate the impact of political interventions using a quantitative approach. Using data from the Eurostat and OECD databases from Q1 2004-Q3 2019, the method allows me to construct a counterfactual outcome for GDP per capita, unemployment rate and HCPI in the absence of the implementation of the ERS. I also apply the extension of original SCM - generalize synthetic control method by Xu (2017) and augmented synthetic control method by Ben-Michael et al. (2018) as robustness checks. Moreover, the interference procedures include the modified confidence interval by Firpo and Possebom...
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Capital Flight from Ukraine: Measurement and Drivers
Marchenko, Yuliia ; Baxa, Jaromír (advisor) ; Paulus, Michal (referee)
This thesis presents estimates of capital flight from Ukraine in the period 1994 to 2017. We use the World Bank Residual method to calculate capital flight as a residual difference between sources and uses of funds in the economy. Our findings show that pre-2014, capital flight amounted to 7.5 billion USD on average. On the contrary, in 2014 our method reports unrecorded capital inflow of 10.7 billion USD, which took place in times of economic recession and military conflict in the east of Ukraine. We analyze the factors that might have caused reverse capital flight, and consider that increase in remittance flows, growth of the black currency market and new niches in the underground economy might have had an effect on unrecorded capital inflows. Finally, we study the components of the World Bank Residual method, and suggest that capital flight might have taken forms that the method doesn't encompass. Therefore, we underline the importance of accounting for gaps in the method by adding trade misinvoicing estimates to capital flight volumes. Keywords Ukraine, Capital Flight, World Bank Residual Method, Balance of Payments, Shadow Economy Range of thesis: 89 886 Characters
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Electronic Records of Sales and Their Implementation in the Czech Republic
Mach, Petr ; Chytilová, Julie (advisor) ; Baxa, Jaromír (referee)
The subject of this thesis is electronic records (EET) of sales and its implementation in the Czech Republic. Because one of the main goals is to improve tax collection the first part of the theoretical section of the thesis is devoted to a brief introduction to taxes and specifically the value-added tax. The second part of the theoretical section is describing the specifics of the Czech version of electronic records of sales. First, a few models of records of sales are described and which of them was chosen and why. Then this model is described in detail, including who has to abide by it, what sales they have to record and some of the technical aspects of the system. A part is also dedicated to the associated receipt lottery and the end of the theoretical section is devoted to similar systems of electronic evidence of sales and their impacts in other countries. The practical section of the thesis is devoted to answering the question if the introduction of electronic records of sales in the Czech Republic was justified, based on fulfillment of its initial goals. The main goals were to increase the tax revenue and lowering the size of the shadow economy. In order to verify the estimate of increase in VAT revenue due to introduction of EET, calculated by the Ministry of Finance, I calculate my own...
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Electronic Records of Sales and Their Implementation in the Czech Republic
Mach, Petr ; Chytilová, Julie (advisor) ; Moravcová, Michala (referee)
The subject of this thesis is electronic records of sales and its implementation in the Czech Republic. Because one of the main goals is to improve tax collection the first part of the theoretical section of the thesis is devoted to a brief introduction to taxes and specifically the value-added tax. The second part of the theoretical section is describing the specifics of the Czech version of electronic records of sales. First, a few models of records of sales are described and which of them was chosen and why. Then this model is described in detail, including who has to abide by it, what sales they have to record and some of the technical aspects of the system. A part is also dedicated to the associated receipt lottery. The practical section of the thesis is devoted to answering the question if the introduction of electronic records of sales in the Czech Republic was justified, based on fulfillment of its initial goals. The main goals were to increase the tax revenue and lowering the size of the shadow economy. Apart from these goals, the practical section is also evaluating the costs of the whole project and also some public concerns are addressed. The thesis ends with a brief look at the future of records of sales in the Czech Republic.
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Estimation of the Size of the Shadow Economy in Slovakia
Didič, Michal ; Komrska, Martin (advisor) ; Potužák, Pavel (referee)
This bachelor thesis aims to estimate the size of shadow economy in Slovakia. Methodology is based on works of Hassan and Schneider (2016) and Alexandru, Ion and Catalin (2010). Based on the quarterly data from 1Q/1999 to 4Q/2016, the thesis presents model, which quantifies the size of the shadow economy based on estimation of the amount of currency used in shadow economy. With use of the computed currency and the equation of exchange the size of shadow economy is calculated as percentage of GDP. Analysis shows, that shadow economy in Slovakia during 4Q/2016 reached the size of 9,64 % HDP.
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